Diambra Mariani
Don’t Think of an Elephant/別想一頭象義大利的犯罪率正在減少。從2017年8月1日到2018年7月31日,與前12個月相比犯罪率下降了9.5%。雖然如此,每四個義大利人中就有一個人恐懼於獨自一人走在夜晚的街道上,而十分之一的人害怕獨自待在家裡。此研究重點在釐清為什麼義大利人如此害怕(他們需要什麼,來使他們更有安全感)以及人們如何應對這種恐懼(他們想要什麼,來讓他們感覺更安全)。接觸到這一議題的機緣是義大利下議院即將修法,刑法第52條的提案進行的討論。其條目為將引入「合法性防禦的法律推定」,這部分受到美國「堡壘原則」的影響。它的目的是建立一種無可追訴的機制,即在其私領域中殺害或傷害他人的自衛舉動,將不會被起訴。據義大利永久輕武觀察站分析師喬治・貝雷塔宣稱,這條新法律將允許多義大利人使用武器自保。不僅將帶來武器工廠的經濟利益,可能會影響政治策略和公眾疑慮;另一方面,司法系統扮演相當關鍵的角色,關係到當今義大利人普遍存在不安全感背後的可能原因。義大利人傾向於透過私人行為和自衛的理念來應對這種不安,而第52條修法的政治策略亦對這種趨勢有推波助瀾的效果。根據義大利中央學術研究機構指出,過去兩年中有三分之一的人口已經放棄採取司法途徑,因為他們認為司法已經無法保障、保護他們的權利和安全。能否以不同的方式解決這種司法需要?如果政治能加強解決司法效率的低落,義大利人是否仍想要使用武器自保?如果一個國家的人民可以依賴司法系統,是否該國家人民對於私刑與武器自衛的看法,將會有所改變?
The number of crimes is decreasing in Italy. From 1st of August 2017 to 31st of July 2018 there was a decline of 9.5% compared to the previous twelve months. Nevertheless, one Italian out of four is afraid to be alone on the street in the evening and one in ten is terrified of staying home alone… This photographic research aims to investigate why Italy is so scared (what they need to feel safer) and how people react to this fear (what they want to feel safer). The opportunity to approach the topic is the forthcoming discussion in the Italian Lower Chamber about the proposal to change article 52 of the Italian Penal Code. The new law would introduce the “presumption of legitimate defense” which is partially inspired by the USA “Castle Doctrine”. Its mission is to create an irrebuttable presumption that an individual who kills or harms another within his or her private property has acted in self-defense and cannot be prosecuted. According to Giorgio Beretta, an analyst of OPAL, this new law will bring many Italians to arm themselves. If, on one hand, economic interests of arms factories can influence political programs and public debate, on the other it seems that the Italian justice system has a crucial role if we want to understand the reasons why the perception of insecurity is nowadays so widespread. Italians tend to react to this frustration by focusing on the idea of private justice and self-defense and the political answer in changing the article 52 indulges to this trend. According to CENSIS, a third of the population in the last 2 years has renounced to undertake a judicial action because they think Italian justice is unable to guarantee the protection of rights. Could this need for justice be addressed differently? If the political reaction was focused on the solution of justice inefficiency, would Italian want to arm themselves? A country in which people can rely on the judicial system is a country with less thirst for revenge and private justice?
About the photographer:
Born in Verona, Italy, in 1982, she graduated in Law at Statale University of Milan and in Venice with a Master in Photography and Digital Imaging. In 2011 she joined Prospekt Agency, Milan. Her pictures were exhibited in Italy and abroad and published, among others, on The Sunday Times Magazine, Liberation, MarieClaire, D La Repubblica delle Donne, Internazionale, L’Espresso, Brand Eins, Vanity Fair, Corriere della Sera, Sportweek. Her work has also been featured on several online magazines, such as GUP magazine, Phases Magazine, P3, Art Photo Index, Feature Shoot, Revista OLD, Die Nacht, Lens Culture, F Stop, 7.7, Piel de Foto, Kittykiwi, Fotografia Femminile. 2017, Streamers/Celeste Network, finalist 2016, FotoFest Porto Alegre, selected 2015, GUP#47, shortlisted 2015 Angkor Photo Festival, selected 2015 BIPA Award, finalist 2015, Fotonoviembre, selected 2015, ND Award, honorable mention 2015 KUALA LUMPUR International Photo Award, finalist 2014 Fondacio Vila Casas Photography Prize, finalist 2013 Descubrimientos Photo Espana, selected 2012 Arles Le nuit de l’Année, selected 2011, Giovanni Tabò/Fotoleggendo, honorable mention 2010 Inail/Prospekt Award, first prize
Website: diambramariani.it
Don’t Think of an Elephant/別想一頭象義大利的犯罪率正在減少。從2017年8月1日到2018年7月31日,與前12個月相比犯罪率下降了9.5%。雖然如此,每四個義大利人中就有一個人恐懼於獨自一人走在夜晚的街道上,而十分之一的人害怕獨自待在家裡。此研究重點在釐清為什麼義大利人如此害怕(他們需要什麼,來使他們更有安全感)以及人們如何應對這種恐懼(他們想要什麼,來讓他們感覺更安全)。接觸到這一議題的機緣是義大利下議院即將修法,刑法第52條的提案進行的討論。其條目為將引入「合法性防禦的法律推定」,這部分受到美國「堡壘原則」的影響。它的目的是建立一種無可追訴的機制,即在其私領域中殺害或傷害他人的自衛舉動,將不會被起訴。據義大利永久輕武觀察站分析師喬治・貝雷塔宣稱,這條新法律將允許多義大利人使用武器自保。不僅將帶來武器工廠的經濟利益,可能會影響政治策略和公眾疑慮;另一方面,司法系統扮演相當關鍵的角色,關係到當今義大利人普遍存在不安全感背後的可能原因。義大利人傾向於透過私人行為和自衛的理念來應對這種不安,而第52條修法的政治策略亦對這種趨勢有推波助瀾的效果。根據義大利中央學術研究機構指出,過去兩年中有三分之一的人口已經放棄採取司法途徑,因為他們認為司法已經無法保障、保護他們的權利和安全。能否以不同的方式解決這種司法需要?如果政治能加強解決司法效率的低落,義大利人是否仍想要使用武器自保?如果一個國家的人民可以依賴司法系統,是否該國家人民對於私刑與武器自衛的看法,將會有所改變?
The number of crimes is decreasing in Italy. From 1st of August 2017 to 31st of July 2018 there was a decline of 9.5% compared to the previous twelve months. Nevertheless, one Italian out of four is afraid to be alone on the street in the evening and one in ten is terrified of staying home alone… This photographic research aims to investigate why Italy is so scared (what they need to feel safer) and how people react to this fear (what they want to feel safer). The opportunity to approach the topic is the forthcoming discussion in the Italian Lower Chamber about the proposal to change article 52 of the Italian Penal Code. The new law would introduce the “presumption of legitimate defense” which is partially inspired by the USA “Castle Doctrine”. Its mission is to create an irrebuttable presumption that an individual who kills or harms another within his or her private property has acted in self-defense and cannot be prosecuted. According to Giorgio Beretta, an analyst of OPAL, this new law will bring many Italians to arm themselves. If, on one hand, economic interests of arms factories can influence political programs and public debate, on the other it seems that the Italian justice system has a crucial role if we want to understand the reasons why the perception of insecurity is nowadays so widespread. Italians tend to react to this frustration by focusing on the idea of private justice and self-defense and the political answer in changing the article 52 indulges to this trend. According to CENSIS, a third of the population in the last 2 years has renounced to undertake a judicial action because they think Italian justice is unable to guarantee the protection of rights. Could this need for justice be addressed differently? If the political reaction was focused on the solution of justice inefficiency, would Italian want to arm themselves? A country in which people can rely on the judicial system is a country with less thirst for revenge and private justice?
About the photographer:
Born in Verona, Italy, in 1982, she graduated in Law at Statale University of Milan and in Venice with a Master in Photography and Digital Imaging. In 2011 she joined Prospekt Agency, Milan. Her pictures were exhibited in Italy and abroad and published, among others, on The Sunday Times Magazine, Liberation, MarieClaire, D La Repubblica delle Donne, Internazionale, L’Espresso, Brand Eins, Vanity Fair, Corriere della Sera, Sportweek. Her work has also been featured on several online magazines, such as GUP magazine, Phases Magazine, P3, Art Photo Index, Feature Shoot, Revista OLD, Die Nacht, Lens Culture, F Stop, 7.7, Piel de Foto, Kittykiwi, Fotografia Femminile. 2017, Streamers/Celeste Network, finalist 2016, FotoFest Porto Alegre, selected 2015, GUP#47, shortlisted 2015 Angkor Photo Festival, selected 2015 BIPA Award, finalist 2015, Fotonoviembre, selected 2015, ND Award, honorable mention 2015 KUALA LUMPUR International Photo Award, finalist 2014 Fondacio Vila Casas Photography Prize, finalist 2013 Descubrimientos Photo Espana, selected 2012 Arles Le nuit de l’Année, selected 2011, Giovanni Tabò/Fotoleggendo, honorable mention 2010 Inail/Prospekt Award, first prize
Website: diambramariani.it